Introduction
Spinal pain syndromes constitute a heterogeneous group of disorders accompanied by pain resulting from both acquired and congenital structural changes within the spine. They are among the most common health problems in modern societies and significantly affect functional capacity, quality of life, and ability to work.
Disorders of the musculo-ligamentous structures of the spine lead to a variety of clinical symptoms. Pain may be local or radiating and is often accompanied by neurological, muscular, and autonomic disturbances.
The most common symptoms include:
- Back pain of varying intensity and duration
- Pain radiating to the upper or lower limbs
- Headaches, particularly in cervical spine dysfunctions
- Sensory disturbances such as numbness, tingling, or paresthesia
- Disturbances of muscle tone and strength
- Sexual dysfunction
- Disturbances of sphincter control
Depending on the level of spinal involvement (cervical, thoracic, or lumbar), symptoms may differ in character and severity. Cervical spine disorders often manifest as headaches, dizziness, and symptoms in the upper limbs, whereas lumbar spine dysfunctions more commonly produce low back pain with radiation to the lower extremities.
The etiology of spinal pain syndromes is multifactorial. The most frequently identified causes include:
- Congenital and developmental defects
- Abnormalities of connective tissue structure
- Intervertebral disc pathology (degeneration, protrusion, herniation)
- Sedentary lifestyle and prolonged static postures
- Degenerative changes associated with aging
- Faulty posture during occupational activities
- Overload and repetitive strain injuries
- Improper body positioning during rest and sleep
- Neoplastic diseases
- Rheumatic and inflammatory conditions
- Traumatic injuries
- Disorders of joint mobility and biomechanics
- Predisposing factors such as advanced age and excess body weight
- Static muscular imbalance and altered movement patterns
Functional disturbances — including muscular imbalance, impaired motor control, and compensatory movement strategies — play an important role in the development and persistence of spinal pain syndromes. Prolonged dysfunction may lead to chronic pain states, central sensitization, and psychosomatic components of pain perception.
Early diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic management are essential in preventing progression of these conditions. Effective treatment should be based on a comprehensive assessment of structural, functional, and neurological factors and may include manual therapy, massage, therapeutic exercise, ergonomic education, and preventive strategies aimed at restoring normal movement patterns and reducing overload of spinal structures.